Sensitivitet – HSP

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Forskning i HSP

Forskning i høj sensitivitet (HSP) har udviklet sig markant de seneste år og viser, at sensitivitet rummer langt mere end blot sårbarhed. Studier peger på, at høj sensitive personer ofte har et udpræget følelsesliv, stærk empati og en evne til at opfatte nuancer i omgivelserne, som andre let overser. De bearbejder indtryk grundigere og reagerer ofte mere intenst – ikke kun på negative, men også på positive oplevelser.

Denne side samler udvalgt og aktuel forskning om HSP og giver indsigt i, hvordan sensitivitet påvirker trivsel, relationer og livsudfoldelse – og hvordan vi som samfund og medmennesker kan skabe rum for, at sensitivitet kan blive en ressource.

HSP – Highly Sensitive Person

Det var den amerikanske psykolog Elaine Aron, der i midten af 1990’erne gjorde begrebet Highly sensitive person (HSP) kendt. Hun var selv mere fintfølende end andre, hvilket gav hende en del udfordringer. Elaine Aron gav sig derfor til at forske i sensitivitet. Hun fandt her ud af, at det var forbundet med nervesystemet – at man som sensitiv opfanger og bearbejder flere indtryk på en dybere måde end andre.

Elaine Arons tidligere forskning viste, at 20 procent af jordens befolkning var født mere sensitive end andre. Nyere undersøgelser viser imidlertid, at det er mere korrekt at se 25-30 procent som høj sensitive, 40-50 procent som medium sensitive og 25-30 procent som lav sensitive. (Aeron & Aeron, 1997), (Lionetti et. al. 2018).

Neurologiske undersøgelser har vist, at høj sensitive personer ofte har øget aktivitet i hjernens centre for følelsesmæssig bearbejdning og empati. Det betyder, at de i højere grad mærker både egne og andres følelser, og at de ofte reflekterer dybt over sociale og etiske spørgsmål. Denne dybdegående opfattelsesevne gør dem modtagelige over for overstimulering i travle miljøer, men også særligt disponerede for fordybelse, kreativitet og social forståelse. (Acevedo et al., 2021; Acevedo et al., 2014; )

Samtidig understreger nyere forskning, at sensitivitet ikke kun er medfødt. Miljømæssige faktorer spiller en afgørende rolle for, hvordan sensitivitet udvikler sig – og for om den kommer til udtryk som en sårbarhed eller som en styrke. I trygge og støttende omgivelser kan høj sensitivitet være en kilde til både indsigtsfuldhed og livskvalitet (Assary et al., 2020)

HSP FORSKNING

Sensorisk behandlingsfølsomhed / Sensory processing sensitivity

ForskereÅrstalEmneStedLink
Acevedo et al.2023Sensory processing sensitivity, memory and cognitive training with neurofeedback. Behavioural Brain Research, 452, 114601.Link
Van Reyn, C., Koval, P., & Bastian, B.2023Sensory Processing and Reactivity to Daily Events.Social Psychological and Personality Science.Link
Walter, N., Meinersen‑Schmidt, N., Kulla, P., Loew, T., Kruse, J., & Hinterberger, T.2023Sensory‑Processing Sensitivity Is Associated with Increased Neural Entropy. Entropy, 25(6), 890.Link
David et al.2022Sensory processing sensitivity and axonal microarchitecture: identifying brain structural characteristics for behavior. Human Brain Imaging / Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study.Link
Schaefer M. Et al.2022Sensory processing sensitivity and axonal microarchitecture: identifying brain structural characteristics for behavior.PubMed.Link
Schaefer M. Et al.2022Sensory processing sensitivity and somatosensory brain activation when feeling touch.PubMed.Link
Acevedo et al.2021Sensory Processing Sensitivity Predicts Individual Differences in Resting-State Functional Connectivity Associated with Depth of ProcessingPubMed.Link
Acevedo, B. P, Aron, E., Aron, A., Sangster, M., Collins, N., & Brown, L.2014The highly sensitive brain: An fMRI study of sensory processing sensitivity and response to others’ emotionsBrain and Behavior, 4, 580-594.Link
Aron, E., Aron, A. & Jagiellowicz, J.2012Sensory Processing Sensitivity: A Review in the Light of the Evolution of Biological ResponsivityPersonality and Social Psychology Review.Link
Jagiellowicz J. et al.2011The trait of sensory processing sensitivity and neural responses to changes in visual scenes. PubMed.PubMed.Link
Aron, E.N.2010Psychotherapy and the highly sensitive person. Improving outcomes for that minority of people who are the majority of clientsNew York. Routledge.Link
J. Jagiellowicz, Aron m.fl.2010The trait of sensory processing sensitivity and neural responses to changes in visual scenesDepartment of Psychology, Stony Brook University and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.Link
Arthur Aron, Sarah Ketay, Trey Hedden, Elaine N. Aron, Hazel Rose Markus, and John D. E. Gabrieli2010Temperament trait of sensory processing sensitivity moderates cultural differences in neural responseStony Brook University, New YorkLink
Aron, E. N., Aron, A., & Davies, K.2005Adult shyness: the interaction of temperamental sensitivity and an adverse childhood environmentPersonality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 181-197Link
Aron, E. N., & Aron, A.1997Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionalityJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 345-368.Link

Forskellig modtagelighed / Different suscepbility

ForskereÅrstalEmneStedLink
Pluess, M., & Belsky, J.2013Vantage sensitivity: Individual differences in response to positive experiencesPsychological Bulletin, 139, 901-916.Link
Ellis, B.J. Boyce, T.W., Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H.2011Differential susceptibility to the environment: An evolutionary-neurodevelopmental theoryDevelopment and Psychopathology, 23, 7-28.Link
Homberg, R. J., & Lesch, K. P.2011Looking on the bright side of Serotonin transporter gene variationBiological Psychiatry, 69, 513-519.Link
Pluess, M., & Belsky, J.2010Differential Susceptibility to Parenting and Quality Child CareDevelopmental Psychology, 46(2), 379-390.Link
Belsky, J. and Pluess, M.2009Beyond Diathesis Stress: Differential Susceptibility to Environmental InfluencesPsychological Bulletin 2009, Vol. 135, No. 6, 885-908.Link
Belsky, J. Jonassaint, C., Pluess, M., Stanton, M., Brummet B., and Williams R.2009Vulnerability genes or plasticity genes?Molecular Psychiatry 2009, 1-9.Link
Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van Ijzendoorn, M. H.2007For better and for Worse: Differential susceptibility to environmental influencesCurrent Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 300-304.Link

Biologisk følsomhed overfor kontekst / Biological sensitivity to context

Forskere
ÅrstalEmneSted
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Elham Assary, Helena M. S. Zavos, Eva Krapohl, Robert Keers, Michael Pluess.2021Genetic architecture of Environmental Sensitivity reflects multiple heritable components: a twin study with adolescentsMolecular Psychiatry 2021 26:4896–4904Link
Francesca Lionetti, Arthur Aron, Elaine N. Aron, G.LeonardBurns, Jadzia Jagiellowicz and Michael Pluess.2018Dandelions, tulips and orchids: evidence for the existence of low-sensitive, mediumsensitive and high-sensitive individualsLionetti et al. Translational Psychiatry (2018) 8:24 DOI 10.1038/s41398-017-0090-6.Link
Michael Pluess, Elham Assary, Francesca Lionetti, Kathryn J Lester, Eva Krapohl, Elaine N. Aron, Arthur Aron.2017Environmental Sensitivity in Children: Development of the Highly Sensitive Child Scale and Identification of Sensitivity GroupsArticle in Developmental Psychology, September 2017Link
Essex, M.J., Armstrong, J.M., Burk, L.R.; Goldsmith, H.H., Boyce, T.2011Biological sensitivity to context moderates the effects of the early teacher-child relationship on the development of mental health by adolescenceDev Psychopathol. 2011 Feb; 23(1): 149–161Link
Obradović, J., Bush, N. R., Stamperdahl, J., Adler, N. A., & Boyce, W. T.2010Biological sensitivity to context: The interactive effects of stress reactivity and family adversity on socio-emotional behavior and school readinessChild Development, 81, 270-289Link
Boyce, W.T. & Ellis, B.J.2008Biological Sensitivity to ContextCurrent Directions in Psychological Science. Volume 17 – 3, 183-187Link
Boyce, W.T. & Ellis, B.J.2005Biological Sensitivity to Context. I: An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivityDevelopment & Psychopathology, 17, 271-301Link

Evolutionær biologi / Evolutionary biology

Forskere
ÅrstalEmneSted
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Wolf, M., Van Doorn, G. S., & Weissing, F. J.2008Evolutionary emergence of responsive and unresponsive personalitiesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(41), 15825-15830.Link
Suomi, S.J.1997Early determinants of behaviour: evidence from primate studies.Brit. Med. Bull. 53: 170–184.Link

Sensitive børn / Sensitive children

Forskere
ÅrstalEmneSted
Link
Michael Pluess, Elham Assary, Francesca Lionetti, Kathryn J Lester, Eva Krapohl, Elaine N. Aron, Arthur Aron.2017Environmental Sensitivity in Children: Development of the Highly Sensitive Child Scale and Identification of Sensitivity Groups.Article in Developmental Psychology, September 2017Link
Kristal, J.2005The Temperament PerspectiveBrookes Publishing. New YorkLink
Chess, S. & Thomas A.1999Goodness of fit. Clinical Applications from Infancy through Adult LifeNew York: Brunner/MazelLink
Chess, S. & Thomas A.1996Temperament Theory and PracticeNew York: Brunner/MazelLink

Sensitive mænd / Sensitive men

Forskere
ÅrstalEmneSted
Link
Daniel C. Miller, Martin F. Lynch.2024The Gender Socialization Experiences of Highly Sensitive MenPsychology of Men & Masculinities. 2024, Vol. 25, No. 2, 203. American Psychological Association.Link
30%

LAV SENSITIVE

40%

MELLEM SENSITIVE

30%

HØJ SENSITIVE